O problema do trabalho infantil está longe de encontrar uma solução. A baixa renda e escolaridade familiar, além de fatores culturais e a má qualidade do ensino contribuem para o ingresso do jovem no mercado de trabalho. Alexandre Nicollela, pesquisador do Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (Cepea), da Esalq/USP, analisou as condições de trabalho de crianças e concluiu que as que trabalham no campo têm melhores condições de saúde, provavelmente, por estarem mais próximas ao cuidado dos pais. Os resultados surpreenderam o próprio autor, que esperava encontrar os maiores impactos no trabalho rural. Ele analisou os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 1998 e 2003, para 144 mil pessoas de 5 a 20 anos.
Nicollela acredita que as famílias rurais têm capacidade de restabelecer a saúde da criança, o que provavelmente ocorre pelo fato de as atividades rurais serem exercidas próximas aos pais. “Trabalhos de extremo risco, como o corte de cana-de-açúcar, de fato são cada vez mais combatidos, não tendo, portanto, grande peso na média dos resultados”, afirma o pesquisador, que defendeu tese de doutorado sobre o tema em maio. As conseqüências do trabalho infantil urbano – notadamente vendedores ambulantes e empregados domésticos – seriam, por exemplo, problemas respiratórios, queimaduras, fraturas, cortes e dores musculares.
Especialistas da área ratificam que, num país onde grande contingente de crianças exerce trabalho infantil, há uma conseqüente perda no nível de saúde da população, acarretando declínio na produtividade nacional, impacto negativo na renda per capita e podendo ainda influenciar a decisão de investimento externo na nação.
Dados da PNAD de 2003 indicavam a existência de 5,1 milhões de crianças e adolescentes de 5 a 17 anos de idade ocupadas no Brasil, sendo a maioria na faixa de 15 a 17 anos. A atividade agrícola concentrava a maior parte desse contingente. Os números, embora ainda altos, indicam um avanço. Em 1992, quase 10 milhões de crianças com idade entre 5 e 17 anos trabalhavam. A legislação brasileira estabelece que a idade mínima para admissão no trabalho é de 16 anos, sendo uma das mais rígidas neste sentido, equiparando-se a dos Estados Unidos e da França.
Além dos quesitos saúde e renda, a assistente social Márcia Guedes Vieira destaca no artigo “Trabalho infantil: a dívida da sociedade mundial com a criança”, publicado pela organização Cáritas Brasileira, que os conflitos de horários, as longas horas de trabalho e suas condições extremamente difíceis tornam o acesso das crianças à educação, quando disponível, praticamente impossível, causando perdas no rendimento e evasão escolar. Além disso, o volume de responsabilidades que não condizem com a sua idade ou o seu fracasso em não realizar uma tarefa corretamente interferem fortemente em sua auto-estima.
Para Vierira, é difícil acreditar na possibilidade de existência de trabalho infantil que não prejudique o desenvolvimento psicológico, físico, emocional, intelectual e social da criança. “Não podemos dar a uma criança a responsabilidade de prover uma família, ou de assumir tarefas para as quais ela não está, ainda, preparada. É responsabilidade dos adultos, da sociedade e do Estado”, completa.
As políticas voltadas ao trabalho infantil, sugere Nicollela, devem ser elaboradas em conjunto com outras políticas de renda, educação e saúde familiar, tais como o Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (Peti) e o Bolsa Escola, atualmente incorporado ao Bolsa Família. Ele ressalta também a importância da educação materna, com orientações sobre os perigos de algumas atividades laborais infantis e sobre como cuidar da saúde da criança. E completa: “Deve-se ainda incluir nas políticas focadas em crianças e adolescentes programas específicos para aqueles que por algum motivo continuam trabalhando, orientando-os para que tenham menor exposição ao risco e se protejam quanto a eventuais riscos associados à profissão”.
Atualmente, o que se vê, diz o pesquisador da Esalq, é um círculo vicioso: “crianças trabalhadoras têm estado de saúde pior, menor tempo para estudar e capacidade reduzida de aprendizagem, tornando-se adultos com baixo capital humano (escolaridade, habilidades, conhecimentos), o que os levará a colocar seus próprios filhos no mercado de trabalho”.
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